\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf Tools for Success in ASTR 105G}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}The Metric System}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Beyond the Metric System}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Changing Units and Scale Conversion}{2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}Map Exercises}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Squares, Square Roots, and Exponents}{5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}Scientific Notation}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Calculator Issues}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.1}Scientific Notation on a Calculator}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.2}Order of Operations}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Graphing and/or Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.1}The Mechanics of Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.2}Plotting and Interpreting a Graph}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Does it Make Sense?}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Putting it All Together}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}\bf The Origin of the Seasons}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The Seasons}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}The Spinning, Revolving Earth}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Elevation Angle and the Concentration of Sunlight}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Take Home Exercise (35 total points)}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Extra Credit (make sure to ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{33}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}\bf Phases of the Moon}{35}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{35}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Exercise 1 (10 points)}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Exercise 2 (10 points)}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Exercise 3 (10 points)}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Lunar Phases, and When They Are Observable}{40}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Exercise 4 (6 points)}{41}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Exercise 5 (6 points)}{42}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.8}Exercise 6 (6 points)}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.9}Demonstrating Your Understanding of Lunar Phases}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.10}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.12}Extra Credit (make sure you get permission from your TA before attempting, 5 points)}{45}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}\bf Kepler's Laws}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Gravity}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Kepler's Laws}{49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Going Beyond the Solar System}{58}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{63}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{63}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting this, 5 points)}{63}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}The Orbit of Mercury}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Eastern and Western Elongations}{67}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Why Greatest Elongations are Special}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}The Orbits of Earth and Mercury}{69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}The Data}{69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}\bf Scale Model of the Solar System}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}The Distances of the Planets From the Sun}{80}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Sizes of Planets}{81}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Questions About the Football Field Model}{83}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{88}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{88}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}\bf Density}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Mass versus Weight}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Volume}{90}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{101}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Estimating the Earth's Density}{103}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{103}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Determining Earth's Radius}{104}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Angle Determination:}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Determining the Earth's Mass}{107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}Determining the Earth's Density}{109}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}In-Lab Questions:}{111}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{113}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}\bf Reflectance Spectroscopy}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Exercises}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{125}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}\bf Locating Earthquakes}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Introduction}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Locating an Earthquake}{129}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.2.1}Finding the Distances}{129}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.2.2}Determining the Location}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}In-Lab Questions}{131}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{133}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}\bf Surface of the Moon}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1}Introduction}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2}Craters and Maria}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3}Relative Ages on the Moon}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4}Lab Stations}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5}The Chemical Composition of the Moon: Keys to its Origin}{147}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.6}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{153}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.7}Possible Quiz Questions}{155}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.8}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, {\bf 5 points})}{155}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12}\bf Introduction to the Geology of the Terrestrial Planets}{157}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1}Introduction}{157}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.2}Topographic Map Projections}{158}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.3}Global Comparisons}{159}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.4}Detailed Comparison of the Surfaces of the Terrestrial Planets}{162}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.5}Erosion Processes and Evidence for Water}{164}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.6}Volcanoes and Tectonic Activity}{167}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{171}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{171}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{171}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13}\bf Heating and Cooling of Planets (and Daytime Observations)}{173}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.1}Heating and Cooling Introduction}{173}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.2}Heating and Cooling Rates}{174}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.3}Heating and Cooling Questions}{176}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.4}Daytime Observing Introduction}{179}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.5}Telescopic Observations}{180}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.6}Phases of Venus}{180}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.7}Heliocentric Model}{181}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.8}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{183}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {13.8.1}Heating and Cooling}{183}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {13.8.2}Daytime Observations}{183}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.9}Possible Quiz Questions}{184}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.10}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{184}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {14}\bf The History of Water on Mars}{187}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.1}Water Flow Features on Mars}{187}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {14.1.1}Warrego Valles}{188}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {14.1.2}Ares and Tiu Valles}{191}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.2}The Global Perspective}{195}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{197}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{197}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{198}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {15}\bf The Volcanoes of Io}{199}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.1}Introduction}{199}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.2}Introduction to Io}{199}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.3}The Electromagnetic Spectrum}{201}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.4}Blackbody Radiation Review}{202}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.5}Simulating Tidal Heating}{207}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.6}Investigating the Volcanoes of Io}{208}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.7}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{216}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{218}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{218}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {16}Building a Comet}{219}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.1}Asteroids and Comets}{219}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.2}Comets}{221}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.3}Composition and Components of a Comet}{221}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.4}Types of Comets}{222}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.5}The Impacts of Asteroids and Comets}{222}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.6}Exercise \#1: Creating Impact Craters}{223}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.6.1}Impact crater questions}{225}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.7}Crater Illumination}{225}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.8}Exercise \#2: Building a Comet}{226}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.8.1}Comets and Light}{227}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.8.2}Comet Strength}{227}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.8.3}Comet Questions}{228}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.9}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{231}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.10}Possible Quiz Questions}{231}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.11}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{231}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {17}\bf Characterizing Exoplanets}{233}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.1}Introduction}{233}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.2}Types of Exoplanets}{233}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.1}Gas Giants}{233}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.2}Hot Jupiters}{233}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.3}Water Worlds}{234}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.4}Exo-Earths}{234}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.5}Super-Earths}{234}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.2.6}Chthonian Planets}{234}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.3}Detection Methods}{234}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.3.1}Transit Method/Light Curves}{234}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.3.2}Direct Detection}{235}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.3.3}Radial Velocity (Stellar Wobble)}{236}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.4}Characterizing Exoplanets from Transit Light Curves}{237}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.5}Deriving Parameters from Transit Light Curves}{238}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.6}The Habitable Zone}{246}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.7}Classifying Your Exoplanets}{248}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.8}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{251}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.9}Possible Quiz Questions}{251}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.10}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points )}{251}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {18}Our Sun}{253}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.1}Layers of the Sun}{253}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.2}Sunspots}{254}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.3}Solar Phenomena}{256}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.4}Lab Exercises}{256}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.4.1}Exercise \#1: Getting familiar with the Size and Appearance of the Sun}{257}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.4.2}Exercise \#2: Exploring Magnetic Fields}{261}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.4.3}Optional Exercise: Generating a magnetic field with an electric current}{265}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.4.4}Exercise \#3: Looking at the Sun}{266}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{269}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{269}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{269}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {19}\bf Review for Final Exam}{271}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {19.1}Introduction}{271}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {19.2}Lab Review Questions}{271}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {20}\bf Apendix A: Algebra Review}{285}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {20.1}Solving for X}{285}