\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf Tools for Success in ASTR 105G}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}The Metric System}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Beyond the Metric System}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Changing Units and Scale Conversion}{2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}Map Exercises}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Squares, Square Roots, and Exponents}{5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}Scientific Notation}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Calculator Issues}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.1}Scientific Notation on a Calculator}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.2}Order of Operations}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Graphing and/or Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.1}The Mechanics of Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.2}Plotting and Interpreting a Graph}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Does it Make Sense?}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Putting it All Together}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}The Origin of the Seasons}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The Seasons}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}The Spinning, Revolving Earth}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Elevation Angle and the Concentration of Sunlight}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Summary (35 points)}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{33}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}\bf Phases of the Moon}{35}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{35}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Exercise 1 (10 points)}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Exercise 2 (10 points)}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Exercise 3 (10 points)}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Lunar Phases, and When They Are Observable}{40}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Exercise 4 (6 points)}{41}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Exercise 5 (6 points)}{42}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.8}Exercise 6 (6 points)}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.9}Demonstrating Your Understanding of Lunar Phases}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.10}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.12}Extra Credit (make sure you get permission from your TA before attempting, 5 points)}{45}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Kepler's Laws and Gravitation}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Gravity}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Kepler's Laws}{49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Going Beyond the Solar System}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Summary (35 points)}{64}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{64}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{64}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}The Orbit of Mercury}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{65}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}Eastern and Western Elongations}{67}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.1.2}Why Greatest Elongations are Special}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}The Orbits of Earth and Mercury}{69}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}The Data}{70}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}Summary (35 points)}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}\bf Scale Model of the Solar System}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}The Distances of the Planets From the Sun}{80}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Sizes of Planets}{81}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Questions About the Football Field Model}{83}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{88}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{88}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}\bf Density}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Mass versus Weight}{89}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Volume}{90}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{101}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{101}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Estimating the Earth's Density}{103}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{103}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Determining Earth's Radius}{104}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Angle Determination:}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Determining the Earth's Mass}{107}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}Determining the Earth's Density}{109}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}In-Lab Questions:}{111}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{113}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}\bf Reflectance Spectroscopy}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Exercises}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{125}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}\bf Locating Earthquakes}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Introduction}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Locating an Earthquake}{129}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.2.1}Finding the Distances}{129}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.2.2}Determining the Location}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}In-Lab Questions}{131}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{133}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}The Surface of the Moon}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1}Introduction}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2}Craters and Maria}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3}Relative Ages on the Moon}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4}Lab Stations}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5}The Surface of the Moon}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.6}The Chemical Composition of the Moon: Keys to its Origin}{147}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.7}Summary}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, {\bf 5 points})}{151}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12}Introduction to the Geology of the Terrestrial Planets}{153}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1}Introduction}{153}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.2}Topographic Map Projections}{154}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.3}Global Comparisons}{156}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.4}Detailed Comparison of the Surfaces of the Terrestrial Planets}{158}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.5}Erosion Processes and Evidence for Water}{160}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.6}Volcanoes and Tectonic Activity}{162}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.7}Summary (35 points)}{166}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{166}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{166}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13}\bf Heating and Cooling of Planets (and Daytime Observations)}{167}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.1}Heating and Cooling Introduction}{167}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.2}Heating and Cooling Rates}{168}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.3}Heating and Cooling Questions}{170}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.4}Daytime Observing Introduction}{173}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.5}Telescopic Observations}{174}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.6}Phases of Venus}{174}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.7}Heliocentric Model}{175}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.8}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{177}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {13.8.1}Heating and Cooling}{177}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {13.8.2}Daytime Observations}{177}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.9}Possible Quiz Questions}{178}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {13.10}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{178}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {14}\bf The History of Water on Mars}{181}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.1}Water Flow Features on Mars}{181}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {14.1.1}Warrego Valles}{182}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {14.1.2}Ares and Tiu Valles}{185}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.2}The Global Perspective}{189}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{191}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{191}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {14.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{192}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {15}\bf The Volcanoes of Io}{193}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.1}Introduction}{193}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.2}Introduction to Io}{193}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.3}The Electromagnetic Spectrum}{195}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.4}Blackbody Radiation Review}{196}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.5}Simulating Tidal Heating}{201}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.6}Investigating the Volcanoes of Io}{202}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.7}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{210}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{212}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {15.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{212}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {16}Shaping Surfaces in the Solar System: The Impacts of Comets \& Asteroids}{213}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.1}Introduction}{213}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.2}Asteroids and Comets}{213}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.3}Comets}{215}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.4}Composition and Components of a Comet}{215}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.5}Types of Comets}{216}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.6}The Impacts of Asteroids and Comets}{217}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.7}Exercise \#1: Creating Impact Craters}{217}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.7.1}Impact crater questions}{219}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.8}Crater Illumination}{219}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.9}Exercise \#2: Building a Comet}{220}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.9.1}Comets and Light}{221}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.9.2}Comet Strength}{221}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {16.9.3}Comet Questions}{222}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.10}Summary}{224}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{224}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {16.12}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{224}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {17}Our Sun}{227}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.1}Introduction}{227}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.2}Layers of the Sun}{228}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.3}Sunspots}{228}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.4}Solar Phenomenon}{230}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.5}Lab Exercises}{230}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.5.1}Exercise \#1: Getting familiar with the Size and Appearance of the Sun}{231}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.5.2}Exercise \#2: Exploring Magnetic Fields}{235}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.5.3}Optional Exercise: Generating a magnetic field with an electric current}{238}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {17.5.4}Exercise \#3: Looking at the Sun}{240}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.6}Summary (35 points)}{242}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {17.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{242}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {18}\bf Characterizing Exoplanets}{243}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.1}Introduction}{243}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.2}Types of Exoplanets}{243}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.1}Gas Giants}{243}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.2}Hot Jupiters}{243}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.3}Water Worlds}{244}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.4}Exo-Earths}{244}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.5}Super-Earths}{244}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.2.6}Chthonian Planets}{244}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.3}Detection Methods}{244}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.3.1}Transit Method/Light Curves}{244}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.3.2}Direct Detection}{245}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {18.3.3}Radial Velocity (Stellar Wobble)}{246}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.4}Characterizing Exoplanets from Transit Light Curves}{247}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.5}Deriving Parameters from Transit Light Curves}{248}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.6}The Habitable Zone}{256}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.7}Classifying Your Exoplanets}{258}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.8}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{261}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.9}Possible Quiz Questions}{261}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {18.10}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points )}{261}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {19}\bf Review for Final Exam}{263}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {19.1}Introduction}{263}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {19.2}Lab Review Questions}{263}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {20}\bf Apendix A: Algebra Review}{277}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {20.1}Solving for X}{277}