\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf Tools for Success in ASTR 1120G}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}A Note About Ratios}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}The Metric System}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Beyond the Metric System}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Changing Units and Scale Conversion}{4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.5.1}Map Exercises}{4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}Squares, Square Roots, and Exponents}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Scientific Notation}{7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Calculator Issues}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.1}Scientific Notation on a Calculator}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.2}Order of Operations}{10}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Graphing and/or Plotting}{10}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.9.1}The Mechanics of Plotting}{11}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.9.2}Plotting and Interpreting a Graph}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Does it Make Sense?}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.11}Putting it All Together}{15}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}\bf Scale Model of the Solar System}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{17}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The Distances of the Planets From the Sun}{18}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Sizes of Planets}{19}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Questions About the Football Field Model}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{23}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{26}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{26}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}\bf The Origin of the Seasons}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}The Seasons}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}The Spinning, Revolving Earth}{31}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Elevation Angle and the Concentration of Sunlight}{38}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Take Home Exercise (35 total points)}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Extra Credit (make sure to ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{43}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}\bf Phases of the Moon}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{44}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Exercise 1 (10 points)}{46}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Exercise 2 (10 points)}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Exercise 3 (10 points)}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Lunar Phases, and When They Are Observable}{49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Exercise 4 (6 points)}{50}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Exercise 5 (6 points)}{51}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8}Exercise 6 (6 points)}{52}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9}Demonstrating Your Understanding of Lunar Phases}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.10}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{54}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{54}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.12}Extra Credit (make sure you get permission from your TA before attempting, 5 points)}{54}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}\bf Surface of the Moon}{56}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{56}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Craters and Maria}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}Relative Ages on the Moon}{58}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Lab Stations}{58}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}The Chemical Composition of the Moon: Keys to its Origin}{64}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{70}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7}Possible Quiz Questions}{72}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, {\bf 5 points})}{72}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}\bf Reflectance Spectroscopy}{74}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{74}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Exercises}{74}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{85}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{85}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}\bf The History of Water on Mars}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Water Flow Features on Mars}{87}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.1}Warrego Valles}{88}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.2}Ares and Tiu Valles}{91}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}The Global Perspective}{95}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}Possible Quiz Questions}{97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{98}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}\bf Density}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Mass versus Weight}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Volume}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{109}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{111}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{111}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}Estimating the Earth's Density}{112}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{112}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Determining Earth's Radius}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}Angle Determination:}{114}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4}Determining the Earth's Mass}{116}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5}Determining the Earth's Density}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6}In-Lab Questions:}{120}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{122}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{122}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{122}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}Building a Comet}{124}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Asteroids and Comets}{124}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Comets}{126}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}Composition and Components of a Comet}{126}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4}Types of Comets}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5}The Impacts of Asteroids and Comets}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6}Exercise \#1: Creating Impact Craters}{128}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.6.1}Impact crater questions}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.7}Crater Illumination}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.8}Exercise \#2: Building a Comet}{131}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.8.1}Comets and Light}{132}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.8.2}Comet Strength}{132}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {10.8.3}Comet Questions}{133}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{135}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.10}Possible Quiz Questions}{135}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.11}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{135}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}\bf Kepler's Laws}{136}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1}Introduction}{136}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2}Gravity}{137}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3}Kepler's Laws}{138}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4}Going Beyond the Solar System}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{150}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{150}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12}\bf Appendix A: Algebra Review}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1}Solving for X}{151}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13}Observatory Worksheets}{153}