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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf  Gases, Liquids and Ices in the Outer Solar System}{1}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}Water on Earth, and the Triple Point Diagram}{1}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Understanding the Triple Point Diagram for Water}{2}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces A simple triple point diagram. At certain temperatures and pressures a substance can be a solid, a liquid or a gas. {\bf  There is one place in ``phase space'' where all three states of matter simultaneously exist: the triple point.} In this version of the diagram, temperature is on the x-axis, and pressure on the y-axis (from http://www.kchemistry.com/Quizzes/triple\_point\_lg.jpg). }}{3}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces A comparison of the three temperature scales used by the public and by scientists: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin (from https://www.learner.org/courses/chem-istry/images/lrg\_img/ThermometersFCK.jpg).}}{3}}
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\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces The triple point diagram for water. On the x-axis we have the temperature in Celsius, and on the top of the diagram, the temperature is in Kelvin. On the y-axis (right hand side) we have the pressure in units of bars. Note that this axis is plotted in powers of 10, or $logarithmically$. This allows us to plot the enormous range in pressures necessary to explore the triple point diagram of water. The left hand y-axis has the metric units of pressure in ``Pascals,'' from 1 Pa, to 1 TPa (Terra Pascal = 1 trillion Pascals). 1 bar = 100,000 Pa. We will not be using Pascals in this lab! (From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple\_point.)}}{4}}
\newlabel{tpdwater}{{3}{4}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Sublimation and Vaporization}{5}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces The interior structure of Uranus, showing that the ``ice mantle'' contains most of the mass of the planet. The ice mantle is made up of a mixture of water, ammonia, and methane ices. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus.}}{6}}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}The Triple Point Diagram for Carbon Dioxide}{6}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces The triple point diagram for carbon dioxide. Note the units for pressure on the y-axis: 10$^{\rm  2}$ = 100 bar. The mid-way point between 1 and 100 bar is of course 10 bar (the tickmarks in a log plot are not evenly spaced, but still run from 1 to 10, or 10 to 100, etc.).}}{7}}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}The Importance of Density in Shaping the Surfaces of Objects in the Outer Solar System}{8}}
\@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces The Densities of Various Substances}}{9}}
\newlabel{liqsolden}{{1}{9}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Europa, Enceladus, Titan and Pluto}{10}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces The triple point/phase diagrams for water (top, black), methane (middle, blue), and nitrogen (bottom, green). The x-axis has pressure labeled in an unusual way, but just note that 10$^{\rm  0}$ bar = 1 bar, and 10$^{\rm  2}$ bar = 100 bar, etc.}}{13}}
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\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{17}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Possible Quiz Questions}{19}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, {\bf  5 points})}{19}}