\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf Introduction to the Astronomy 110 Labs}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}The Metric System}{1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Beyond the Metric System}{2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Changing Units and Scale Conversion}{3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.2.3}Squares, Square Roots, and Exponents}{5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Scientific Notation}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Algebra}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Graphing and/or Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Measuring Distances Using Parallax}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Parallax in the classroom}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Measuring distances using parallax}{17}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Angular motion of an object}{17}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Distance between the vantage points}{18}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Using parallax measurements to determine the distance to an object}{19}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Using Parallax to measure distances on Earth, and within the Solar System}{20}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.4.1} The ``Non-Tangent'' way to figure out distances from angles}{21}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Distances to stars using parallax, and the ``Parsec''}{22}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Questions}{24}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Summary (35 points) }{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points )}{27}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}The Origin of the Seasons}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}The Seasons}{28}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}The Spinning, Revolving Earth}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Elevation Angle and the Concentration of Sunlight}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Summary (35 points)}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{45}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}\bf Kepler's Laws}{46}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{46}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Gravity}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Kepler's Laws}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Going Beyond the Solar System}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{63}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{63}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting this, 5 points)}{63}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Shaping Surfaces in the Solar System: The Impacts of Comets \& Asteroids}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Asteroids and Comets}{65}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}Comets}{67}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Composition and Components of a Comet}{67}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}Types of Comets}{68}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}The Impacts of Asteroids and Comets}{69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7}Exercise \#1: Creating Impact Craters}{69}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.7.1}Impact crater questions}{71}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8}Crater Illumination}{72}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.9}Exercise \#2: Building a Comet}{73}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.9.1}Comets and Light}{74}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.9.2}Comet Strength}{74}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.9.3}Comet Questions}{75}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.10}Summary}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{77}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.12}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{77}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}\bf Discovering Exoplanets}{78}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{78}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Why are Exoplanets so hard to see?}{79}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Exoplanet Transits}{80}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.3.1}Real exoplanet transits}{84}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Exoplanet Detection by Radial Velocity Variations}{86}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Radial Velocity and the Doppler Effect}{94}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.5.1}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{98}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.5.2}Possible Quiz Questions}{99}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.5.3}Extra Credit (make sure you get permission from your TA before attempting, 5 points)}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}The Power of Light: Understanding Spectroscopy}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Blackbody Radiation}{101}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Absorption and Emission Lines}{101}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.3.1}The Bohr Model of the Atom}{102}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.3.2}Kirchoff's Laws}{104}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}Creating a Spectrum}{105}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5}Observing Blackbody Sources with the Spectrograph}{106}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6}Quantitative Behavior of Blackbody Radiation}{108}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.7}Spectral Lines Experiment}{110}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.7.1}Spark Tubes}{110}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.7.2}Emission-line Spectra Experiment}{110}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.7.3}The Unknown Element}{112}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.8}Questions}{113}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.9}Summary (35 points)}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.10}Possible Quiz Questions}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.11}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{115}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Our Sun}{116}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{116}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Layers of the Sun}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Sunspots}{117}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Solar Phenomenon}{119}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}Lab Exercises}{119}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.5.1}Exercise \#1: Getting familiar with the Size and Appearance of the Sun}{120}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.5.2}Exercise \#2: Exploring Magnetic Fields}{124}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.5.3}Exercise \#3: Looking at the Sun}{127}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}Summary (35 points)}{129}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{129}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Introduction}{130}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Magnitudes and Color Index}{132}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}The Color-Magnitude HR Diagram}{134}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4}The Color-Magnitude Diagram for the Pleiades}{134}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.4.1}Procedure}{139}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.4.2}Converting Diameters to Magnitudes}{139}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.4.3}Constructing a Color-Magnitude Diagram}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5}Results}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6}Summary (35 points)}{143}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.7}Possible Quiz Questions}{143}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.8}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{143}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}Mapping the Galaxy}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Introduction}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Getting used to the ideas}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}Map Projections}{146}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4}The Contents of Our Milky Way Galaxy}{151}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5}Exercises}{153}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6}Questions}{157}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.7}Summary (35 points)}{159}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{159}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{159}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}Galaxy Morphology}{161}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1}Introduction}{161}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.2}Our Home: The Milky Way Galaxy}{161}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.3}Galaxy Types: Spirals Ellipticals, and Irregulars}{163}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {11.3.1}Spiral Galaxies}{164}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {11.3.2}Elliptical Galaxies}{166}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {11.3.3}Irregular Galaxies}{167}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {11.3.4}Galaxy Classification Issues}{168}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.4}Lab Exercises}{169}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.5}Summary (35 points)}{180}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{180}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{180}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12}Hubble's Law: Finding the Age of the Universe}{181}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.1}Introduction}{181}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.2}Doppler Shift}{181}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.3}Hubble's Law}{183}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.4}The Age of the Universe}{186}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.5}How Do we Measure Distances to Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters?}{187}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.6}Questions}{189}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.7}Summary (35 points)}{191}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {12.8}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{191}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {13}APPENDIX A: Fundamental Quantities}{192}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {14}APPENDIX B: Accuracy and Significant Digits}{193}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {15}APPENDIX C: Unit Conversions}{194}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {16}APPENDIX D: Uncertainties and Errors}{195}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {17}Observatory Worksheets}{196}