\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}\bf Tools for Success in ASTR 105G}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2}The Metric System}{1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3}Beyond the Metric System}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4}Changing Units and Scale Conversion}{2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}Map Exercises}{3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.5}Squares, Square Roots, and Exponents}{5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6}Scientific Notation}{6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.7}Calculator Issues}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.1}Scientific Notation on a Calculator}{8}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.7.2}Order of Operations}{8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.8}Graphing and/or Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.1}The Mechanics of Plotting}{9}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.8.2}Plotting and Interpreting a Graph}{11}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.9}Does it Make Sense?}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10}Putting it All Together}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}\bf The Origin of the Seasons}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The Seasons}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}The Spinning, Revolving Earth}{20}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Elevation Angle and the Concentration of Sunlight}{27}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5}Take Home Exercise (35 total points)}{32}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{32}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7}Extra Credit (make sure to ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{32}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}\bf Scale Model of the Solar System}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{33}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}The Distances of the Planets From the Sun}{34}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Sizes of Planets}{35}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Questions About the Football Field Model}{37}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{39}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{42}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{42}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}\bf Phases of the Moon}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{43}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Exercise 1 (10 points)}{45}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Exercise 2 (10 points)}{46}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Exercise 3 (10 points)}{47}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}Lunar Phases, and When They Are Observable}{48}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Exercise 4 (6 points)}{49}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.7}Exercise 5 (6 points)}{50}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.8}Exercise 6 (6 points)}{51}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.9}Demonstrating Your Understanding of Lunar Phases}{52}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.10}Take-Home Exercise (35 points total)}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.11}Possible Quiz Questions}{53}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.12}Extra Credit (make sure you get permission from your TA before attempting, 5 points)}{53}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}\bf Surface of the Moon}{55}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{55}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Craters and Maria}{56}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}Relative Ages on the Moon}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Lab Stations}{57}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}The Chemical Composition of the Moon: Keys to its Origin}{63}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{69}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7}Possible Quiz Questions}{71}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, {\bf 5 points})}{71}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}\bf Introduction to the Geology of the Terrestrial Planets}{73}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{73}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Topographic Map Projections}{74}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Global Comparisons}{75}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Detailed Comparison of the Surfaces of the Terrestrial Planets}{78}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Erosion Processes and Evidence for Water}{80}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6}Volcanoes and Tectonic Activity}{83}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{86}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{86}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{86}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}\bf Density}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Introduction}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Mass versus Weight}{87}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Volume}{88}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{97}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.5}Possible Quiz Questions}{99}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.6}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{99}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Estimating the Earth's Density}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Introduction}{100}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Determining Earth's Radius}{101}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Angle Determination:}{102}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Determining the Earth's Mass}{104}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.5}Determining the Earth's Density}{106}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.6}In-Lab Questions:}{108}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.7}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{110}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.8}Possible Quiz Questions}{110}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.9}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{110}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}Building a Comet}{112}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Asteroids and Comets}{112}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Comets}{114}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.3}Composition and Components of a Comet}{114}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.4}Types of Comets}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.5}The Impacts of Asteroids and Comets}{115}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.6}Exercise \#1: Creating Impact Craters}{116}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.6.1}Impact crater questions}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.7}Crater Illumination}{118}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.8}Exercise \#2: Building a Comet}{119}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.8.1}Comets and Light}{120}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.8.2}Comet Strength}{120}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {9.8.3}Comet Questions}{121}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.9}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{123}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.10}Possible Quiz Questions}{123}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.11}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting, 5 points)}{123}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}\bf Kepler's Laws}{124}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Introduction}{124}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Gravity}{125}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}Kepler's Laws}{126}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.4}Going Beyond the Solar System}{135}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.5}Take Home Exercise (35 points total)}{139}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.6}Possible Quiz Questions}{140}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.7}Extra Credit (ask your TA for permission before attempting this, 5 points)}{140}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}\bf Apendix A: Algebra Review}{141}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {11.1}Solving for X}{141}