| Useful Formulas and their Scaling |
|---|
| Formula | Variables |
|---|
| Rules of scientific notation | mathematics |
| Units conversion | mathematics |
| Circumference of a circle | radius |
| Area of a circle | radius |
| Apparent visual magnitude scale | relative magnitude and brightness |
| Flux (inverse square) law | luminosity, distance, area |
| Newton's law of gravitation | mass and distance |
| Kepler's Three Laws | properties of planetary orbits |
| Parallax relation | observatory shift, object shift, distance to object |
| Blackbody relation | temperature and wavelength |
| Frequency relation | energy, frequency, Planck's constant |
| Wavelength relation | energy, wavelength, Planck's constant, the speed of light |
| Doppler relation | radial velocity, the speed of light, observed and rest wavelengths |
| Definition of an element | number of protons and neutrons |
| Stellar properties | luminosity, temperature, radius |
| Stellar temperatures | OBAFGKMLT |
| Energy relation (Einstein) | energy, mass, the speed of light |
| Hubble's law | Ho, velocity and distance of galaxies |