| Useful Formulas and Scaling Relations | |
|---|---|
| Formula | Variables | 
| Rules of scientific notation | mathematics | 
| Units conversion | mathematics | 
| Flux (inverse square) law | luminosity, distance, area | 
| Newton's law of gravitation | mass and distance | 
| Kepler's Three Laws | properties of planetary orbits | 
| Parallax relation | observatory shift, object shift, distance to object |