| Useful Formulas and Scaling Relations | |
|---|---|
| Formula | Variables |
| Rules of scientific notation | mathematics |
| Units conversion | mathematics |
| Flux (inverse square) law | luminosity, distance, area |
| Newton's law of gravitation | mass and distance |
| Kepler's Three Laws | properties of planetary orbits |
| Parallax relation | observatory shift, object shift, distance to object |