%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{references}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\item Al, N., Bendlin, C., \& Kneer, F. 1998, {\em A\&A}, {\bf336}, 743
\item {\alf}, H. 1943, {\em Ark. F. Mat. Ast. Fys.}, {\bf29A}, 1
\item Ayres, T. R. 1981, {\em ApJ}, {\bf244}, 1064
\item Banerjee, D., O'Shea, E., Doyle, J. G., \& Goossens, M. 2001, {\em A\&A}, {\bf371}, 1137
\item Baudin, F., Bocchialini, K., \& Koutchmy, S. 1996, {\em A\&A}, {\bf314}, L9 
\item Beck, R. J., Duvall Jn. T. L., \& Scherrer P. H. 1998, {\em Nature}, {\bf394}, 653
\item Beckers, J. M., Dickson, L., \& Joyce, R. S. 1975, Instrumentation Papers No. 227, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Massachusetts  
\item Berger, T. E., L\"{o}fdahl, M. G., Shine, R. S., \& Title, A. M. 1998, {\em ApJ}, {\bf495}, 973
\item Bird, G. A. 1964, {\em ApJ}, {\bf140}, 288
\item Bocchialini, K., \& Baudin, F. 1995, {\em A\&A}, {\bf299}, 893
\item Bocchialini, K., Vial, J.-C., \& Koutchmy, S. 1994, {\em ApJ}, {\bf423}, L67
\item Bogdan, T. J., Carlsson, M., Hansteen, V., McNurry, A., Rosenthal, C. S., Johnson, M., Petty-Powell, S., Zita, E. J., Stein, R. F., McIntosh, S. W., \& Nordlund, A. 2003, {\em ApJ}, in press
\item Bonaccini, D., Righini, A., Cavalline, F., \& Ceppatelli, G. 1989, {\em A\&A}, {\bf217}, 368
\item Bohr, N. 1913 {\em I. Phil. Mag.}, {\bf26}, 1
\item Brandt, P. N., Rutten, R. J., Shine, R. A., \&  Trujillo Bueno, T. 1992, in ASP Conf. Ser. {\bf26}, {\em 7$^{th}$ Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun}, eds M. S. Gaimpapa \& J. A. Bookbinder (San Francisco: ASP) 161 
\item Brueckner, G. E., Howard, R. A., Koomen, M. J., Korendyke, C. M., Michels, D. J., Moses, J. D., Socker, D. G., Dere, K. P., Lamy, P. L., Llebaria, A., Bout, M. V., Schwenn, R., Simnett, G. M., Bedford, D. K., \& Eyles, C. J. 1995, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf162}, 357
\item Carlsson, M., \& Stein, R. F. 1992, {\em ApJ}, {\bf397}, L59
\item Carlsson, M., \& Stein, R. F. 1995, {\em ApJ}, {\bf440}, L29
\item Carlsson, M., \& Stein, R. F. 1997, {\em ApJ}, {\bf481}, 500
\item Cauzzi, G., Falchi, A., \& Falciani, R. 2000, {\em A\&A}, {\bf357}, 1090
\item Choudhuri, A. R. 1998, {\em The Physics of Fluids and Plasmas}, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
\item Choudhuri, A. R., Auffret, H., \& Priest E. R.  1993, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf143}, 49
\item Choudhuri, A. R., Dikpati, M., \& Banerjee, D. 1993, {\em ApJ}, {\bf413}, 811
\item Curdt, W., \& Heinzel, P. 1998, {\em ApJ}, {\bf503}, L95
\item Dam\'{e} L., Gouttebroze, P., \& Malherbe, J.-M. 1984, {\em A\&A}, {\bf130}, 331
\item Deubner, F.-L., \& Fleck, B. 1990, {\em A\&A}, {\bf228}, 506
\item Deubner, F.-L., Waldschik, Th., \& Steffens, S. 1996, {\em A\&A}, {\bf307}, 936
\item Einstein, A. 1905, {\em Annalen der Physik.}, {\bf17}, 132
\item Edl\'{e}n, B. 1942, {\em Zeitschr. f. Astrophys.}, {\bf22}, 30
\item Erd\'{e}lyi, A. 1954, {\em Table of Integral Transforms} Vol. 1, (New York: McGraw-Hill) 
\item Farge, M. 1992, {\em Annu. Rev. Fluid Mechanics}, {\bf24}, 395
\item Fleck, B., Domingo, V., \& Poland, A. I. 1995, {\em The {\soho} Mission}, (Dordrecht: Kluwer) 
\item Fontenla, J. M., Avrett, E. H., \& Loeser, R. 1993, {\em ApJ}, {\bf406}, 319
\item Fraunhoffer, J. 1817, {\em Denkschriften der M\"{u}ch. Akademie der Wissenchaften}, {\bf5}, 193
\item Freeland, S. L., \& Handy, B. N. 1998, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf182}, 497
\item Gallagher, P. T., Phillips, K. J. H., Harra-Murnion, L. K., Baudin, F., \& Keenan, F. P. 1999, {\em A\&A}, {\bf348}, 257
\item Goodman, L. M. 2000, {\em ApJ}, {\bf533}, 501
\item Grotian, W. 1939, {\em Naturwiss.}, {\bf27}, 214
\item Gustafsson, B., \& Jorgensen, U. G. 1994, {\em A\&AR}, {\bf6}, 19
\item Hagenaar, H. J., Schrijver, C. J., \& Title, A. M. 1997, {\em ApJ}, {\bf481}, 988
\item Hagenaar, H. J., Schrijver, C. J., Title, A. M., \& Shine, R. A. 1999, {\em ApJ}, {\bf511}, 932
\item Handy, B. N., Acton, L. W., Kankelborg, C. C., Wolfson, C. J., Akin, D. J., Bruner, M. E., Caravalho, R., Catura, R. C., Chevalier, R., Duncan, D. W., Edwards, C. G., Feinstein, C. N., Freeland, S. L., Friedlaender, F. M., Hoffmann, C. H., Hurlburt, N. E., Jurcevich, B. K., Katz, N. L., Kelly, G. A., Lemen, J. R., Levay, M., Lindgren, R. W., Mathur, D. P., Meyer, S. B., Morrison, S. J., Morrison, M. D., Nightingale, R. W., Pope, T. P., Rehse, R. A., Schrijver, C. J., Shine, R. A., Shing, L., Strong, K. T., Tarbell, T. D., Title, A. M., Torgerson, D. D., Golub, L., Bookbinder, J. A., Caldwell, D., Cheimets, P. N., Davis, W. N., Deluca, E. E., McMullen, R. A., Warren, H. P., Amato, D., Fisher, R., Maldonado, H., \& Parkinson, C. 1999a, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf187}, 229
\item Handy, B. N., Bruner, M. E., Tarbell, T. D., Title, A. M., Wolfson, C. J., Laforge, M. J., \& Oliver, J. J. 1998, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf183}, 29
\item Handy, B. N., Tarbell, T. D., Wolfson, C. J., Korendyke, C. M., \& Vourlidas, A. 1999b, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf190}, 351 
\item Hansteen, V. H., Betta, R., \& Carlsson, M. 2000, {\em A\&A}, {\bf360}, 742
\item Hart A. B. 1954, {\em MNRAS}, {\bf114}, 17
\item Harrison, R. A., Sawyer, E. C., Carter, M. K., Cruise, A. M., Cutler, R. M., Fludra, A., Hayes, R. W., Kent, B. J., Lang, J., Parker, D. J., Payne, J., Pike, C. D., Peskett, S. C., Richards, A. G., Culhane, J. L., Norman, K., Breeveld, A. A., Breeveld, E. R., Janabi, K. F. Al, McCalden, A. J., Parkinson, J. H., Self, D. G., Thomas, P. D., Poland, A. I., Thomas, R. J., Thompson, W. T., Kjeldseth-Moe, O., Brekke, P., Karud, J., Maltby, P., Aschenbach, B., Brauninger, H., Kuhne, M., Hollandt, J., Siegmund, O. H. W., Huber, M. C. E., Gabriel, A. H., Mason, H. E., \& Bromage, B. J. I. 1995, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf162}, 233
\item Hasan, S. S., \& Kalkofen, W. 1999, {\em ApJ}, {\bf512}, 899
\item Hasan, S. S., Kalkofen, W., van Ballegooijen, A. A., \& Ulmschneider, P. 2003, {\em ApJ}, {\bf585}, 1138
\item Hathaway D. H., Beck J. G., Bogart R. S., Bachmann K. T., Khatri G., Petitto J. M., Han S., \& Raymond J. 2000, {\em Sol . Phys.}, {\bf193}, 299
\item Holweger, H., \& M\"{u}ller, E. A. 1974, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf 39}, 19
\item Ireland, J., Walsh, R. W., Harrison, R. A., \& Priest, E. R. 1999, {\em A\&A}, {\bf347}, 355
\item Judge, P. G., Tarbell, T. D., \& Wilhelm, K. 2001, {\em ApJ}, {\bf554}, 424
\item Kalkofen, W. 1997, {\em ApJ}, {\bf486}, L145
\item Kalkofen, W., Ulmschneider, P., \& Avrett, E. H. 1999, {\em ApJ}, {\bf521}, L141
\item Kariyappa, R. 1994, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf154}, 19
\item Keller, C. U., \& Koutchmy, S. 1991, {\em ApJ}, {\bf379}, 751
\item Kneer, F., Hasan, S. S., \& Kalkofen, W. 1996, {\em A\&A}, {\bf305}, 660
\item Kneer F., \& von Uexk\"{u}ll, M. 1985, {\em A\&A}, {\bf144}, 443
\item Kneer F., \& von Uexk\"{u}ll, M. 1986, {\em A\&A}, {\bf155}, 178
\item Kneer F., \& von Uexk\"{u}ll, M. 1993, {\em A\&A}, {\bf274}, 584
\item Kopp, R. A., \& Kuperus, M. 1968, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf4}, 412
\item Krijger, J. M., Rutten, R. J., Lites, B. W., Straus, Th., Shine, R. A., \& Tarbell, T. D. 2001, {\em A\&A}, {\bf379}, 1052
\item Krijger, J. M., Heinzel, P., Curdt, W., \& Schmidt, W. 2003, {\em A\&A}, in press
\item Kulaczewski, J. 1992, {\em A\&A}, {\bf261}, 602
\item Lamb, H. 1909, {\em Proc. London Math. Soc.}, {\bf7}, 122
\item Lamb, H. 1932, {\em Hydrodynamics}, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 
\item Leighton, R. B., Noyes, R. W., \& Simon, G .W. 1962, {\em ApJ}, {\bf135}, 474
\item Lites, B. W., Rutten, R. J., \& Berger, T. E. 1999, {\em ApJ}, {\bf517}, 1013
\item Lites, B. W., Rutten, R. J. \& Kalkofen, W.  1993, {\em ApJ}, {\bf414}, 345
\item Liu, S.-Y. 1974, {\em ApJ}, {\bf189}, 359
\item Lou, Y. Q. 1995, {\em MNRAS}, {\bf274}, L1
\item Maxwell, J. C. 1873, {\em A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism}, (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
\item McIntosh, S. W., \& Judge, P. G. 2001, {\em ApJ}, {\bf561}, 420
\item McIntosh, S. W., Fleck, B., \& Judge, P. G. 2003, {\em A\&A}, {\bf405}, 769
\item Muller, R., \& Roudier, Th. 1992, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf141}, 27
\item Muller, R., \& Roudier, Th., Vigneau, J., \& Auffret, H. 1994, {\em A\&A}, {\bf283}, 232 
\item Narain, U., \& Agarwal, P. 1994, {\em Bull. Astr. Soc. India}, {\bf22}, 111
\item Newton, I. 1672, {\em Phil. Trans. R. Soc.}, {\bf80}, 3075
\item Newton, I. 1687, {\em Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica}
\item November, L. J., Toomre, J., Gebbie, K.B., \& Simon, G.W. 1981, {\em ApJ}, {\bf245}, L123 
\item Osterbrock, D. E. 1961, {\em ApJ}, {\bf134}, 347
\item Parker E. N. 1988, {\em ApJ}, {\bf330}, 474 
\item Planck, M. V. 1900, {\em Dtsch. phys. Ges.}, {\bf2}, 202
\item Phillips K. J. H. 1992, {\em Guide to the Sun}, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
\item Priest, E. R. 1982, {\em Solar Magnetohydrodynamics}, (Dordrecht: D.~Reidel) 
\item Priest, E. R., \& Forbes, T. G. 2002, {\em A\&AR}, {\bf10}, 313
\item Roberts, B. 1983, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf87}, 77
\item Roberts, B. 2000, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf193}, 139R
\item Roberts, B. 2003, in ESA-SP {\bf 547}, {\em Proc. '{\soho} 13: Waves, oscillations and small scale transient events in the solar atmosphere. A joint view of {\soho} and {\trace}'}, in press 
\item Rosenthal, C. S., Bogdan, T. J., Carlsson, M., Dorch, S. B. F., Hansteen, V., McIntosh, S. W., McMurry, A., Nordlund, {\AA}., Stein, R. F. 2002, {\em ApJ}, {\bf564}, 508
\item Roudier, Th., Espagnet, O., Muller, R., \& Vigneau, J. 1994, {\em A\&A}, {\bf287}, 982
\item Roudier, Th., Rieutord, M., Malherbe, J. M., \& Vigneau, J. 1999, {\em A\&A}, {\bf349}, 301
\item Rutten, R. J., \& Uitenbroek, H. 1991, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf134}, 15
\item Rutten, R. J. 1998, in {\em Proc. ISSI Workshop `Solar Composition and its Evolution - from Core to Corona'}, eds. Cl. Fr\"{o}hlich, M. C. E. Huber, S. Solanki, R. von Steiger, (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers), Space Science Rev. {\bf85}, 269 
\item Rutten, R. J. 1999, in ASP Conf. Ser. {\bf184}, {\em Proc. 3$^{rd}$ Adv. Solar Physics Euroconference}, eds. B. Schmieder, A. Hoffman, \& J. Staude (San Francisco: ASP), 181
\item Scherrer, P. H., Bogart, R. S., Bush, R. I., Hoeksema, J. T., Kosovichev, A. G., Schou, J., Rosenberg, W., Springer, L., Tarbell, T. D., Title, A., Wolfson, C. J., Zayer, I., \& MDI Engineering Team 1995, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf162}, 129
\item Schmieder, B. 1979, {\em A\&A}, {\bf74}, 273
\item Schmieder, B. 2001 in {\em Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics}, (Bristol \& Hampshire: Nature Publishing Group \& Institute of Physics Publishing)
\item Schrijver, C. J., Hagenaar, H. J., \& Title, A. M. 1997, {\em ApJ}, {\bf475}, 328
\item Schrijver, C. J., Title, A. M., Harvey, K. L., Sheeley Jn, N. R., Wang, Y.-M., van den Oord, G. H. J., Shine, R. A., Tarbell, T. D., Hurlburt, N. E. 1998, {\em Nature}, {\bf394}, 152 
\item Schrijver, C. J., \& Title, A. M. 2003, {\em ApJ}, {\bf597}, L165
\item Sherrill, T. J. 1991, {\em S\&T}, {\bf81}, 134
\item Simon, G. 2001 in {\em Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics}, (Bristol \& Hampshire: Nature Publishing Group \& Institute of Physics Publishing)
\item Sivaraman, K. R., Gupta, S. S., Livingston, W. C., Dam\'{e} L., Kalkofen, W., Keller, C. U., Smartt, R., \& Hasan, S. S. 2000, {\em A\&A}, {\bf363}, 279
\item Simon G. W. \& Weiss N. O. 1968, {\em Zeit. Astrophys.}, {\bf69}, 435
\item Skartlien R., Stein R. F. \& Nordlund \AA. 2000, {\em ApJ}, {\bf541}, 468
\item Spruit, H. C. 1981a, {\em A\&A}, {\bf98}, 155
\item Spruit, H. C. 1981b, {\em A\&A}, {\bf102}, 129
\item Spruit, H. C., Nordlund, {\AA}, \& Title, A. M. 1990, {\em ARA\&A}, {\bf28}, 263
\item Spruit, H. C., \& Roberts, B. 1983, Nature, 304, 401
\item Spicer, D. S. 1991, in {\em Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating}, eds. P. Ulmschneider, E. R. Priest, R. Rosner, (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), 547
\item Stein, R. F., \& Leibacher, J. 1974, {\em ARA\&A}, {\bf12}, 407
\item Torrence, C., \& Compo, G. P. 1998, {\em Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.},{\bf79}, 61
\item Ulmschneider, P. 1970, {\em A\&A}, {\bf 4}, 144
\item Ulmschneider, P., Z\"{a}hringer, K., \& Musielak, Z. E. 1991, {\em A\&A}, {\bf241}, 625
\item Vernazza, J. E., Avrett, E. H., \& Loeser, R. 1981, {\em ApJ}, {\bf45}, 635 
\item von Uexk\"{u}ll, M., Kneer F., Malherbe, J. M., \& Mein, P. 1989, {\em A\&A}, {\bf208}, 290
\item Wollaston, W. H. 1802, {\em Phil. Trans. R. Soc.}, {\bf92}, 365.
\item Wilhelm, K., Curdt, W., Marsch, E., Sch\"{u}he, U., Lemaire, P., Gabriel, W., Vial, J.-C., Grewing, M., Huber, M. C. E., Jordan, S. D., Poland, A. I., Thomas, R. J., K\'{u}hne, M., Timothy, J. G., Hassler, D. M., \& Siegmund, O. H. W. 1995, {\em Sol. Phys.}, {\bf162}, 189  
\item Wikst{\o}l, O., Hansteen, V. H., Carlsson, M., \& Judge, P. G. 2000, {\em ApJ}, {\bf531}, 1150   
\item Worden, J., Harvey, J., \& Shine, R. 1999, {\em ApJ}, {\bf523}, 450
\item Zhugzhda, Y. D., Bromm V., \& Ulmscheider P. 1995, {\em A\&A}, {\bf300}, 302
\item Zirin H. 1966, {\em The Solar  Atmosphere}, (Waltham, Toronto, \& London: Blaisdell Publishing Company)

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\end{references}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
