| Useful Formulas You Should Know and Understand how to Use | |
|---|---|
| Formula | Variables |
| Rules of scientific notation | mathematics |
| Units conversion | mathematics |
| Circumference of a circle | radius |
| Area of a circle | radius |
| Apparent visual magnitude scale | relative magnitude and brightness |
| Flux (inverse square) law | luminosity, distance, area |
| Newton's law of gravitation | mass and distance |
| Kepler's Three Laws | properties of planetary orbits |
| Parallax relation | observatory shift, object shift, distance to object |